The standard workflow for artificial empathy consists of three stages: 1) Emotion Recognition (ER) using the retrieved features, 2) analysing the perceived emotion or degree of empathy to choose the best course of action, and 3) carrying out a response action. Recent studies that show AE being used with virtual agents or robots often include Deep Learning (DL) techniques. However, there has not been any study that presents an independent approach for evaluating AE, or the degree to which a reaction was empathetic. Most evaluations used in research are based on a Likert scale, with the Davis' IRI and Godspeed Questionnaire being popular examples. Although these questionnaires provide a good estimate of the overall empathic ability of a system, they are time-consuming, expensive, and depend on each individual's perception, raising ambiguity in results. Moreover, the existing corpus for empathy can only classify an action/emotion as empathic or non-empathic. Classification of different degrees of empathy can further improve the ability of a robot to assess and respond in a more natural and human-like manner. The objectives of this research is to improve the implementation of AE by developing state-of-the-art DL techniques, exploiting models, such as transformer networks and deep reinforcement learning models, e.g., DQN. Moreover, it aims to devise an autonomous technique that can evaluate empathy in artificial agents (ECAs or robots), independent of humans. In addition to this, it seeks to improve the effectiveness of empathy recognition by increasing the spectrum of classes (i.e., degree of empathy) in the data that is currently available.
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Dr Syed Afaq Sha, (ECU)